Theories & Models

Theories & Models

Published Theories and Conceptual Models

Original theories developed through Systematic Thematic Analysis — each one peer-reviewed, named, and ready to be applied, tested and extended.

Interactive Buying Process Theory

Naeem, Ozuem, Howell & Ranfagni (2026) · European Journal of Marketing · DOI 10.1108/EJM-02-2022-0139

A triadic affordance theory of in-store technology: customers’ goals sit at the centre of three nested layers of affordances. Perceived affordances arise where the system artefact’s capabilities meet the customer’s perception; imagined affordances are shaped by customers’ expectations within the surrounding environment; and actualised affordances materialise where user ability meets customer experience. The theory extends affordance theory from a dyadic to a triadic process, explaining how affordances are anticipated and enacted during buying interactions with technologies like Scan & Go apps.

User (Customer) Goals Imagined Affordances Customer’s Expectations Environment Actualised Affordances Customer’s Experience User Ability Perceived Affordances Customer’s Perception System Artefact (Capabilities)

Wheel of Co-Created Brand Identities and Brand Love

Naeem (2026) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 90, 104695 · the paper that also introduces Agnoseology and conductive coding

A model of the infinite co-creative relationship between luxury brands and consumers on Instagram. User engagement — textual and visual interaction — sits at the centre; around it, the qualitative codes Craftsmanship, Sustainability, Elegance and Artistry carry the symbolic value of luxury; the outer ring holds the higher-order semiotic concepts Monarchic Perception, Sophisticated Aura and Prestige Continuum. Developed through systematic conductive thematic analysis and verified with structural equation modelling.

User Engagement textual · visual Craftsmanship Sustainability Elegance Artistry Monarchic Perception Sophisticated Aura Prestige Continuum

Theory of Three-Level Technology Incorporation

Naeem & Ozuem (2025) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · DOI 10.1080/08874417.2024.2445007

How self-service technology becomes embedded in consumers’ daily buying behaviour. Moving beyond TAM and UTAUT, the theory delineates dimensions of dissatisfaction, satisfaction and incorporator roles across three levels of the adoption process, showing how consumers progress from first contact to full incorporation of scan-and-go technology into their shopping routines — with fresh implications for how retailers design and integrate in-store technology.

Level 3 — Full incorporationTechnology embedded in daily buying routines; consumers become advocates and habitual incorporators
Level 2 — Developing incorporationSatisfaction dimensions consolidate; consumers extend use across shopping journeys
Level 1 — Initial incorporationFirst encounters; dissatisfaction and satisfaction dimensions shape whether adoption continues

Affordances Flow Funnel

Naeem, Ozuem, Howell & Ranfagni (2024) · Psychology & Marketing, 41(5), 1060–1081 · DOI 10.1002/mar.21968

A conceptualisation of the enablers and constraints of in-store buying as a flow process through scan-and-go apps: affordances move through a funnel in which enabling features draw customers deeper into technology-mediated buying, while constraints — skill gaps, system limitations, environmental friction — narrow the flow and can divert customers out of it.

Panic Buying as Social Practice

Naeem & Ozuem (2022) · Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2140–2166 · with related models in JRCS (2021) and Journal of Consumer Behaviour (2021)

Developed through the exemplar study behind Systematic Thematic Analysis: panic buying during COVID-19 was not an individual failure of rationality but a socially constructed practice, produced through misinformation and rumour on social media. Grounded in Protection Motivation Theory and the Theory of Rumor Transmission, the model explains how perceived consequences, misinformation and content characteristics converge to trigger collective buying behaviour.

UGC Social Brand Engagement Model

Naeem & Ozuem (2021) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(2), 426–439 · DOI 10.1002/cb.1873 · with the e-semiotics extension in Computers in Human Behavior (2025)

A model of how user-generated content builds social brand engagement: insights from diverse consumers show how UGC participants, social context and platform practices interact to produce engagement journeys with fashion and luxury brands — extended in later work through electronic semiotics and symbolic interactionism on Instagram.


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